Page 1 of 48
THE CRYSTAL CASTLE CHRONICLES
A PAGE FROM THE GOLDEN STORYBOOK
Warm paper-cut illustrated scene from Ryoto’s adventure
RYOTO’S STORY MISSION

Read slowly. Think carefully. Let your friends hear the last sound.

A CHOOSE YOUR OWN ADVENTURE

Ryoto and the Secret
History of Coding

The Crystal Castle Time-Travel Adventure

Meet Charles Babbage and Ada Lovelace, travel through time with Pikachu and friends, and discover why people began writing instructions for computers.

READ   ·   THINK   ·   CHOOSE
START THE ADVENTURE
RYOTO · THE SECRET HISTORY OF CODING1 / 48
THE CRYSTAL CASTLE CHRONICLES
READ THESE BEFORE THE STORY

English Word Bank

1

curious

/ˈkjʊəriəs/

Wanting to know or discover something.

Ryoto felt curious about the book.
2

mysterious

/mɪˈstɪəriəs/

Interesting because the answer is unknown.

A mysterious door appeared.
3

brilliant

/ˈbrɪliənt/

Very clever or excellent.

Ada had a brilliant idea.
4

imagined

/ɪˈmædʒɪnd/

Made an idea or picture in your mind.

Ryoto imagined a helpful robot.
5

designed

/dɪˈzaɪnd/

Planned how something should work.

Babbage designed a machine.
6

invented

/ɪnˈventɪd/

Created something new in the past.

People invented useful tools.
Open coding word bank
RYOTO · THE SECRET HISTORY OF CODING2 / 48
THE CRYSTAL CASTLE CHRONICLES
WHAT ARE THESE WORDS FOR?

Coding Word Bank 1

1

code

/kəʊd/

Instructions written for a computer.

It tells computers what to do.
2

instruction

/ɪnˈstrʌkʃən/

One clear step to follow.

Computers need clear instructions.
3

sequence

/ˈsiːkwəns/

Steps arranged in the right order.

Order helps a program work.
4

algorithm

/ˈælɡərɪðəm/

A step-by-step plan to solve a problem.

It helps us plan before writing code.
5

program

/ˈprəʊɡræm/

Instructions a computer can follow.

It can help a game or a robot work.
6

computer

/kəmˈpjuːtə/

An electronic machine that handles information.

It runs many different programs.
More coding words
RYOTO · THE SECRET HISTORY OF CODING3 / 48
THE CRYSTAL CASTLE CHRONICLES
PEOPLE, MACHINES, BIG IDEAS

Coding Word Bank 2

1

engineer

/ˌendʒɪˈnɪə/

A person who designs or builds useful things.

Engineers help solve problems.
2

analytical

/ˌænəˈlɪtɪkəl/

Thinking carefully, one part at a time.

It helps us check our ideas.
3

Analytical Engine

/ˌænəˈlɪtɪkəl ˈendʒɪn/

Babbage’s design for an early programmable machine.

It helped inspire later computers.
4

computer program

/kəmˈpjuːtə ˈprəʊɡræm/

A set of instructions a computer can follow.

It tells the computer what to do.
5

programmer

/ˈprəʊɡræmə/

A person who writes computer programs.

Programmers make games and helpful tools.
6

test

/test/

Try something to see whether it works.

Testing helps us find problems.
Past-tense sound secrets
RYOTO · THE SECRET HISTORY OF CODING4 / 48
THE CRYSTAL CASTLE CHRONICLES
THREE SOUNDS · ONE SPELLING

The Secret of -ed

/t/
walked · looked · jumped · helped

After a voiceless final sound (except /t/).

jumped: /dʒʌmpt/ · one syllable
/d/
played · saved · opened · explored

After a voiced final sound (except /d/).

played: /pleɪd/ · one syllable
/ɪd/
wanted · needed · started · landed

After /t/ or /d/, add one extra syllable.

wanted: /ˈwɒn.tɪd/ · two syllables
The letters -ed have THREE regular past-tense ending sounds, not four.
How to play our story
RYOTO · THE SECRET HISTORY OF CODING5 / 48
THE CRYSTAL CASTLE CHRONICLES
READ · THINK · CHOOSE

How to Explore the Story

1
READ THE STORY

Teacher reads first. Ryoto reads second. Go slowly and clearly.

2
CHOOSE A, B, OR C

Click a golden choice. Each one leads to its own story scene.

3
THINK AND EXPLAIN

Answer in a full English sentence. Explain why you chose it.

4
FOLLOW THE GOLD BUTTON

Continue the story. Go home or review words at any time.

Open the golden book
RYOTO · THE SECRET HISTORY OF CODING6 / 48
THE CRYSTAL CASTLE CHRONICLES
A PAGE FROM THE GOLDEN STORYBOOK
Warm paper-cut illustrated scene from Ryoto’s adventure
RYOTO’S STORY MISSION

Read slowly. Think carefully. Let your friends hear the last sound.

CHAPTER ONE · THE DISCOVERY

The Book Behind the Castle Door

It was a warm, sunny day in Sydney. Ryoto and his friends had followed the Golden Road to the Crystal Castle. Inside, they found a little room that none of them had seen before.

On a wooden table lay a dusty, golden book. It glowed when Ryoto came near. Pikachu whispered, “Look! I think this book wants to tell us something.”

TALK AND THINK
What do you think is inside the book?
Turn the golden page
RYOTO · THE SECRET HISTORY OF CODING7 / 48
THE CRYSTAL CASTLE CHRONICLES
A PAGE FROM THE GOLDEN STORYBOOK
Warm paper-cut illustrated scene from Ryoto’s adventure
RYOTO’S STORY MISSION

Read slowly. Think carefully. Let your friends hear the last sound.

THE BOOK OPENS

A Voice from Another Time

The book opened by itself. Soft golden light filled the room. A gentle voice spoke from its pages.

“Long ago, people dreamed of machines that could follow instructions. Some people helped turn those dreams into ideas for computers.”

Ryoto leaned closer. Even Pikachu looked surprised. The golden book was about to take them somewhere extraordinary.

TALK AND THINK
If you could visit the past, what would you want to see?
Listen to the secret
RYOTO · THE SECRET HISTORY OF CODING8 / 48
THE CRYSTAL CASTLE CHRONICLES
A PAGE FROM THE GOLDEN STORYBOOK
Warm paper-cut illustrated scene from Ryoto’s adventure
RYOTO’S STORY MISSION

Read slowly. Think carefully. Let your friends hear the last sound.

A MESSAGE FROM PIKACHU

The Real Secret of Coding

“Coding may look like magic,” Pikachu said, “but it is something real that people can learn.”

“When we code, we give a computer clear instructions, one step at a time. People use programs to create games, help doctors, and solve problems.”

Ryoto smiled. “So coding can help us make ideas real?” Pikachu nodded. “Many inventions begin with one curious question.”

TALK AND THINK
What would you like to invent one day?
Choose a time-travel door
RYOTO · THE SECRET HISTORY OF CODING9 / 48
THE CRYSTAL CASTLE CHRONICLES
A PAGE FROM THE GOLDEN STORYBOOK
Warm paper-cut illustrated scene from Ryoto’s adventure
RYOTO’S STORY MISSION

Pick your own path. Explain why your choice matters.

RYOTO · THE SECRET HISTORY OF CODING10 / 48
THE CRYSTAL CASTLE CHRONICLES
A PAGE FROM THE GOLDEN STORYBOOK
Warm paper-cut illustrated scene from Ryoto’s adventure
RYOTO’S STORY MISSION

Read slowly. Think carefully. Let your friends hear the last sound.

YOU CHOSE THE WORKSHOP

A Workshop Full of Gears

The friends stepped into a busy workshop. Wheels, drawings, and metal gears filled the tables. A man named Charles Babbage was thinking carefully about a machine that could calculate.

“Why make a machine like this?” asked Eevee. “To help people work with numbers,” Ryoto guessed. Babbage smiled at the possibility of machines following carefully planned instructions.

TALK AND THINK
What jobs could a machine help people do?
Follow the history trail
RYOTO · THE SECRET HISTORY OF CODING11 / 48
THE CRYSTAL CASTLE CHRONICLES
A PAGE FROM THE GOLDEN STORYBOOK
Warm paper-cut illustrated scene from Ryoto’s adventure
RYOTO’S STORY MISSION

Read slowly. Think carefully. Let your friends hear the last sound.

YOU CHOSE THE WRITER

A Woman with a Big Idea

A young woman was writing notes at her desk. Her name was Ada Lovelace. She loved mathematics, patterns, and imagination.

Ada studied the plans for a machine Charles Babbage had designed. She wondered if machines could one day work with things besides numbers.

“Could a machine help create music?” asked Eevee. Ada had explored possibilities like that, too.

TALK AND THINK
What would you want a clever machine to create?
Follow the history trail
RYOTO · THE SECRET HISTORY OF CODING12 / 48
THE CRYSTAL CASTLE CHRONICLES
A PAGE FROM THE GOLDEN STORYBOOK
Warm paper-cut illustrated scene from Ryoto’s adventure
RYOTO’S STORY MISSION

Read slowly. Think carefully. Let your friends hear the last sound.

YOU CHOSE MODERN CODING

A Window into the Future

The friends saw a busy city with cars, phones, robots, and a plane in the bright blue sky. People used computers everywhere.

“Who gave people this amazing idea?” asked Kame-chan.

“One person did not invent all of coding,” the golden book explained. “Many people helped over a long time. Let us meet two important pioneers.”

TALK AND THINK
Where do you see computers in your daily life?
Travel back to the beginning
RYOTO · THE SECRET HISTORY OF CODING13 / 48
THE CRYSTAL CASTLE CHRONICLES
A PAGE FROM THE GOLDEN STORYBOOK
Warm paper-cut illustrated scene from Ryoto’s adventure
RYOTO’S STORY MISSION

Read slowly. Think carefully. Let your friends hear the last sound.

CHAPTER TWO · LONDON, LONG AGO

Meet Charles Babbage

The golden book carried everyone back to nineteenth-century England. Charles Babbage (1791–1871) was a mathematician and inventor.

He noticed that people sometimes made mistakes during long calculations. He wanted machines to help. He worked on calculating machines, then designed something more ambitious: the Analytical Engine.

Ryoto studied its many gears. “That machine looks complicated!”

TALK AND THINK
Why can machines be helpful with difficult numbers?
Discover the Analytical Engine
RYOTO · THE SECRET HISTORY OF CODING14 / 48
THE CRYSTAL CASTLE CHRONICLES
A PAGE FROM THE GOLDEN STORYBOOK
Warm paper-cut illustrated scene from Ryoto’s adventure
RYOTO’S STORY MISSION

Read slowly. Think carefully. Let your friends hear the last sound.

HISTORY CLUE · A DREAM ON PAPER

The Machine That Was a Plan

Babbage worked on plans for the Analytical Engine in the 1830s. It was meant to follow instructions and calculate with numbers. It is an important early design for a programmable computer.

But there was a problem: the complete Analytical Engine was never built in his lifetime. The big idea remained mostly on paper.

“He designed it before people could use it?” Ryoto asked. “Yes,” said Pikachu.

TALK AND THINK
Can a careful plan be useful before it is built?
Meet Ada Lovelace
RYOTO · THE SECRET HISTORY OF CODING15 / 48
THE CRYSTAL CASTLE CHRONICLES
A PAGE FROM THE GOLDEN STORYBOOK
Warm paper-cut illustrated scene from Ryoto’s adventure
RYOTO’S STORY MISSION

Read slowly. Think carefully. Let your friends hear the last sound.

ANOTHER BRILLIANT THINKER

Meet Ada Lovelace

The friends met Ada Lovelace (1815–1852). She was fascinated by mathematics and Babbage’s machine.

In 1843, she published detailed notes about the Analytical Engine. Her notes included a step-by-step method for calculating special numbers. It is often called the first published computer program for a general-purpose machine.

“Instructions can turn a thoughtful plan into something useful,” Pikachu said.

TALK AND THINK
What did Ada publish: a song, a step-by-step plan, or a fairy tale?
See what their ideas meant
RYOTO · THE SECRET HISTORY OF CODING16 / 48
THE CRYSTAL CASTLE CHRONICLES
A PAGE FROM THE GOLDEN STORYBOOK
Warm paper-cut illustrated scene from Ryoto’s adventure
RYOTO’S STORY MISSION

Read slowly. Think carefully. Let your friends hear the last sound.

BABBAGE AND LOVELACE

Two Thinkers, One Big Possibility

Babbage designed a remarkable machine. Ada explored the instructions such a machine could follow. Their ideas became part of the long history of computers.

But they were not the only pioneers. Many inventors, mathematicians, engineers, and other thinkers contributed across many years.

“Coding did not appear in one day,” said Pikachu. “People kept asking questions, making plans, testing ideas, and learning.”

TALK AND THINK
What can we do when our first idea does not work?
Learn the first rule
RYOTO · THE SECRET HISTORY OF CODING17 / 48
THE CRYSTAL CASTLE CHRONICLES
A PAGE FROM THE GOLDEN STORYBOOK
Warm paper-cut illustrated scene from Ryoto’s adventure
RYOTO’S STORY MISSION

Read slowly. Think carefully. Let your friends hear the last sound.

CHAPTER THREE · HOW CODING BEGINS

First Think. Then Give Instructions.

A friendly engineer showed Ryoto a tiny robot. “A computer follows instructions,” she explained. “If the instructions are missing or unclear, it may not do what you want.”

The engineer placed three cards on the desk: START, MOVE FORWARD, and STOP.

“Which card comes first?” she asked. Ryoto arranged the cards in order. The robot followed them. “Excellent! That is a simple algorithm.”

TALK AND THINK
Say the three instructions in the correct order.
Discover where coding helps
RYOTO · THE SECRET HISTORY OF CODING18 / 48
THE CRYSTAL CASTLE CHRONICLES
A PAGE FROM THE GOLDEN STORYBOOK
Warm paper-cut illustrated scene from Ryoto’s adventure
RYOTO’S STORY MISSION

Pick your own path. Explain why your choice matters.

RYOTO · THE SECRET HISTORY OF CODING19 / 48
THE CRYSTAL CASTLE CHRONICLES
A PAGE FROM THE GOLDEN STORYBOOK
Warm paper-cut illustrated scene from Ryoto’s adventure
RYOTO’S STORY MISSION

Read slowly. Think carefully. Let your friends hear the last sound.

YOU CHOSE TRANSPORT

A Plane Needs Clear Instructions

At the airport, Ryoto saw computers helping people check flight information. Inside a plane, different computer systems help the crew with important tasks.

“The instructions must be tested carefully,” said Raichu. “Safety matters.”

Ryoto realised that coding was not just for games. People could also use programs to help them travel.

TALK AND THINK
Why must instructions for important machines be accurate?
Visit the sunny code lab
RYOTO · THE SECRET HISTORY OF CODING20 / 48
THE CRYSTAL CASTLE CHRONICLES
A PAGE FROM THE GOLDEN STORYBOOK
Warm paper-cut illustrated scene from Ryoto’s adventure
RYOTO’S STORY MISSION

Read slowly. Think carefully. Let your friends hear the last sound.

YOU CHOSE ROBOTS

A Robot Who Waited Patiently

A small robot stood beside a table. It did nothing until the engineer gave it a clear sequence of instructions.

MOVE FORWARD. TURN RIGHT. STOP.

The robot moved along the path. When its instructions changed, it moved in a different way. “It cannot guess what we mean,” Pikachu explained. “We have to be clear.”

TALK AND THINK
Can you guide a toy robot from your chair to the door?
Visit the sunny code lab
RYOTO · THE SECRET HISTORY OF CODING21 / 48
THE CRYSTAL CASTLE CHRONICLES
A PAGE FROM THE GOLDEN STORYBOOK
Warm paper-cut illustrated scene from Ryoto’s adventure
RYOTO’S STORY MISSION

Read slowly. Think carefully. Let your friends hear the last sound.

YOU CHOSE PHONES

A Message Across the Sea

Ryoto saw a mother sending a message to someone far away. Apps and computer networks helped her write, send, and receive the message.

“People made programs for that!” Luca said with excitement.

Ryoto thought about how computers help families and friends stay close, even across long distances.

TALK AND THINK
When could a computer help you communicate?
Visit the sunny code lab
RYOTO · THE SECRET HISTORY OF CODING22 / 48
THE CRYSTAL CASTLE CHRONICLES
A PAGE FROM THE GOLDEN STORYBOOK
Warm paper-cut illustrated scene from Ryoto’s adventure
RYOTO’S STORY MISSION

Read slowly. Think carefully. Let your friends hear the last sound.

BACK AT THE CRYSTAL CASTLE

Inside the Sunny Code Lab

The friends returned to the Crystal Castle. A cheerful engineer showed them a screen and a friendly crystal robot.

“Coding begins before typing,” she said. “First ask: What do I want to happen? Then make clear steps.”

Ryoto remembered Babbage’s plans and Ada’s instructions. He did not need to write a long program yet. He could begin by thinking like a programmer.

TALK AND THINK
What would you like your instructions to make happen?
Try an algorithm without typing
RYOTO · THE SECRET HISTORY OF CODING23 / 48
THE CRYSTAL CASTLE CHRONICLES
A PAGE FROM THE GOLDEN STORYBOOK
Warm paper-cut illustrated scene from Ryoto’s adventure
RYOTO’S STORY MISSION

Read slowly. Think carefully. Let your friends hear the last sound.

A TINY ALGORITHM

The Three-Step Secret

The engineer placed a shining crystal on a table. “Imagine your friend is a robot. Tell your friend how to reach the crystal.”

Ryoto studied the path. “First, start. Second, move forward. Third, pick up the crystal.”

“Wonderful,” she said. “That is a sequence of instructions. When you learn to type real code, you will use clear steps like these.”

TALK AND THINK
Make your own three-step plan and say it aloud.
Choose your first invention
RYOTO · THE SECRET HISTORY OF CODING24 / 48
THE CRYSTAL CASTLE CHRONICLES
A PAGE FROM THE GOLDEN STORYBOOK
Warm paper-cut illustrated scene from Ryoto’s adventure
RYOTO’S STORY MISSION

Pick your own path. Explain why your choice matters.

RYOTO · THE SECRET HISTORY OF CODING25 / 48
THE CRYSTAL CASTLE CHRONICLES
A PAGE FROM THE GOLDEN STORYBOOK
Warm paper-cut illustrated scene from Ryoto’s adventure
RYOTO’S STORY MISSION

Read slowly. Think carefully. Let your friends hear the last sound.

YOU CHOSE THE LOST-PET HELPER

The Kind Robot Cat

Ryoto imagined a friendly robot that could help someone search for a missing pet. The robot would check safe places and show messages to its owner.

Pikachu nodded. “That is a kind idea!”

Ryoto made a simple plan: START. SEARCH SAFELY. REPORT. STOP. A real robot would need many more instructions, but a big idea can begin with a little plan.

TALK AND THINK
How can we be gentle and safe when helping animals?
Make your first plan
RYOTO · THE SECRET HISTORY OF CODING26 / 48
THE CRYSTAL CASTLE CHRONICLES
A PAGE FROM THE GOLDEN STORYBOOK
Warm paper-cut illustrated scene from Ryoto’s adventure
RYOTO’S STORY MISSION

Read slowly. Think carefully. Let your friends hear the last sound.

YOU CHOSE THE PLANT HELPER

The Garden Helper

Ryoto imagined a helper that could check whether the soil was dry and remind someone to water a plant.

“We should check first,” Eevee said. “Too much water could hurt the plant.”

Ryoto planned: CHECK THE SOIL. IF DRY, ASK FOR WATER. IF WET, WAIT. The careful plan could help someone care for nature.

TALK AND THINK
Why is checking first better than guessing?
Make your first plan
RYOTO · THE SECRET HISTORY OF CODING27 / 48
THE CRYSTAL CASTLE CHRONICLES
A PAGE FROM THE GOLDEN STORYBOOK
Warm paper-cut illustrated scene from Ryoto’s adventure
RYOTO’S STORY MISSION

Read slowly. Think carefully. Let your friends hear the last sound.

YOU CHOSE THE TREASURE MAP

The Crystal Treasure Map

Ryoto imagined a special map to help his friends find the missing crystal. It would show where they were and mark safe paths.

“Could a program help us find the way?” asked Charizard. “Perhaps one day,” Pikachu replied. “First, let us make a clear plan.”

Ryoto wrote: START. LOOK AT MAP. FOLLOW PATH. CHECK CLUE.

TALK AND THINK
What is one more useful instruction for your map?
Make your first plan
RYOTO · THE SECRET HISTORY OF CODING28 / 48
THE CRYSTAL CASTLE CHRONICLES
A PAGE FROM THE GOLDEN STORYBOOK
Warm paper-cut illustrated scene from Ryoto’s adventure
RYOTO’S STORY MISSION

Read slowly. Think carefully. Let your friends hear the last sound.

THE FIRST CODING PROMISE

Every Program Begins with a Plan

The golden book glowed. Three words appeared: THINK. PLAN. TEST.

“Before writing computer code, decide what problem you want to solve,” the engineer explained. “Put your instructions in the correct order. Later, test your code and improve it.”

Ryoto smiled. He had not written a computer program yet, but he had planned an algorithm. That was a wonderful beginning.

TALK AND THINK
Tell me your idea in three clear steps.
See what happens to your idea
RYOTO · THE SECRET HISTORY OF CODING29 / 48
THE CRYSTAL CASTLE CHRONICLES
A PAGE FROM THE GOLDEN STORYBOOK
Warm paper-cut illustrated scene from Ryoto’s adventure
RYOTO’S STORY MISSION

Read slowly. Think carefully. Let your friends hear the last sound.

A SMALL IDEA MAKES A DIFFERENCE

The Crystal Heart Begins to Glow

As Ryoto explained his plan, a warm golden light filled the room. A tiny crystal robot lifted its head and waved.

“You asked a good question,” Pikachu said. “You made a plan, and you thought about whom it could help.”

The book shimmered. “Many inventions begin with curiosity, patience, imagination, and careful work.”

TALK AND THINK
Which part of your plan makes you proud?
Think about the lesson
RYOTO · THE SECRET HISTORY OF CODING30 / 48
THE CRYSTAL CASTLE CHRONICLES
A PAGE FROM THE GOLDEN STORYBOOK
Warm paper-cut illustrated scene from Ryoto’s adventure
RYOTO’S STORY MISSION

Read slowly. Think carefully. Let your friends hear the last sound.

THE VALUE OF CURIOSITY

A Brilliant Idea Starts Small

From the castle window, Ryoto watched the sunlight dance over Sydney. He thought about Babbage, who designed a machine, and Ada, who wrote about instructions it could follow.

They asked questions about things that did not exist yet. Other people built on ideas like theirs.

Ryoto realised that he could begin learning too. He needed curiosity, kindness, clear thinking, and practice. He did not have to know everything at once.

TALK AND THINK
What question would you like to ask about computers?
Read the final chapter
RYOTO · THE SECRET HISTORY OF CODING31 / 48
THE CRYSTAL CASTLE CHRONICLES
A PAGE FROM THE GOLDEN STORYBOOK
Warm paper-cut illustrated scene from Ryoto’s adventure
RYOTO’S STORY MISSION

Read slowly. Think carefully. Let your friends hear the last sound.

THE END · FOR NOW

The Door to the Next Adventure

A new door opened beside the Crystal Heart. Behind it waited a little keyboard, a bright screen, and a friendly robot.

Pikachu winked. “You have learned why people dreamed of programming. In our next adventure, you can learn your first real command.”

Ryoto looked at his friends and grinned. “I want to learn how!” The next adventure was just one small instruction away.

TALK AND THINK
Tell me one new thing you learned about coding history.
Explore our tricky words
RYOTO · THE SECRET HISTORY OF CODING32 / 48
THE CRYSTAL CASTLE CHRONICLES
SAY IT · UNDERSTAND IT · USE IT

Word Explorer · Set 1

curious/ˈkjʊəriəs/

Meaning: Wanting to know or discover something.

When to use: When you want to learn more or ask why.

1. Ryoto was curious about the golden book.
2. I am curious about how robots work.
brilliant/ˈbrɪliənt/

Meaning: Very clever or excellent.

When to use: When praising a clever person or good idea.

1. Ada had a brilliant idea.
2. Your plan to help the turtle is brilliant!
mysterious/mɪˈstɪəriəs/

Meaning: Unusual and not yet explained.

When to use: When something is strange or unknown.

1. They found a mysterious golden door.
2. A mysterious sound came from the castle.
Continue the word review
RYOTO · THE SECRET HISTORY OF CODING33 / 48
THE CRYSTAL CASTLE CHRONICLES
SAY IT · UNDERSTAND IT · USE IT

Word Explorer · Set 2

program/ˈprəʊɡræm/

Meaning: A set of instructions for a computer.

When to use: When talking about what computers run.

1. The programmer wrote a small program.
2. This program helps me draw pictures.
analytical/ˌænəˈlɪtɪkəl/

Meaning: Studying a problem carefully, part by part.

When to use: When someone checks a problem step by step.

1. Ryoto used analytical thinking to find a clue.
2. An analytical thinker checks every step.
Analytical Engine/ˌænəˈlɪtɪkəl ˈendʒɪn/

Meaning: An early programmable-machine design.

When to use: When talking about Babbage’s invention.

1. Babbage designed the Analytical Engine.
2. Ada studied plans for the Analytical Engine.
Continue the word review
RYOTO · THE SECRET HISTORY OF CODING34 / 48
THE CRYSTAL CASTLE CHRONICLES
SAY IT · UNDERSTAND IT · USE IT

Word Explorer · Set 3

engineer/ˌendʒɪˈnɪə/

Meaning: Someone who designs or builds useful things.

When to use: When talking about technical problem-solvers.

1. The engineer designed a new machine.
2. My friend wants to become an engineer.
computer program/kəmˈpjuːtə ˈprəʊɡræm/

Meaning: Instructions that a computer can follow.

When to use: When you mean software instructions, not the computer itself.

1. A computer program can make a game work.
2. The robot needs a computer program.
algorithm/ˈælɡərɪðəm/

Meaning: A sequence of steps for solving a problem.

When to use: When explaining a plan in a clear order.

1. Ryoto planned an algorithm for his robot.
2. Our sandwich instructions form an algorithm.
Continue the word review
RYOTO · THE SECRET HISTORY OF CODING35 / 48
THE CRYSTAL CASTLE CHRONICLES
SAY IT · UNDERSTAND IT · USE IT

Word Explorer · Set 4

instruction/ɪnˈstrʌkʃən/

Meaning: A clear direction telling someone what to do.

When to use: When giving one step in a task.

1. Turn left is one instruction.
2. The robot followed each instruction.
sequence/ˈsiːkwəns/

Meaning: Steps or things arranged in an order.

When to use: When the order of actions matters.

1. Ryoto placed the cards in the right sequence.
2. Wash, dry, and put away is a sequence.
invented/ɪnˈventɪd/

Meaning: Created something new in the past.

When to use: When describing an invention from the past.

1. People invented tools to solve problems.
2. Someone invented a new kind of game.
Practise the -ed sounds
RYOTO · THE SECRET HISTORY OF CODING36 / 48
THE CRYSTAL CASTLE CHRONICLES
THREE SOUNDS · ONE SPELLING

The Secret of -ed

/t/
walked · looked · jumped · helped

After a voiceless final sound (except /t/).

jumped: /dʒʌmpt/ · one syllable
/d/
played · saved · opened · explored

After a voiced final sound (except /d/).

played: /pleɪd/ · one syllable
/ɪd/
wanted · needed · started · landed

After /t/ or /d/, add one extra syllable.

wanted: /ˈwɒn.tɪd/ · two syllables
The letters -ed have THREE regular past-tense ending sounds, not four.
Try the family mission
RYOTO · THE SECRET HISTORY OF CODING37 / 48
THE CRYSTAL CASTLE CHRONICLES
OPTIONAL HOME PRACTICE

A Little Mission for Ryoto

MISSION 1 · TELL SOMEONE

Who was Charles Babbage? What did Ada Lovelace write?

MISSION 2 · MAKE A PLAN

Choose a helpful invention. Say three clear steps in order.

MISSION 3 · PRONOUNCE

Say jumped, played, wanted, designed, explored, invented.

MISSION 4 · EXPLAIN

Finish: I feel curious when… A computer program can…

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WORD QUEST · MYSTERY & CODING

Fill the Missing Word

First, remember the words from the story. Move each word to the sentence where it belongs.

HOW TO PLAY Drag a word into each sentence. On a phone, tap a word, then tap the empty space. Use Check my answers when finished.
01Ryoto felt because he wanted to know more.
02The door was ; nobody knew what was behind it.
03Ada had a idea for a machine.
04An makes useful machines or systems.
05An is a step-by-step plan to solve a problem.
06A gives a computer instructions to follow.
07A puts the steps in the correct order.
08The robot needed clear before moving.
RYOTO · THE SECRET HISTORY OF CODING · ACTIVITY LAB40 / 48
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STORY QUEST · ACTION WORDS

What Happened Yesterday?

Each sentence tells us what happened in the past. Find the missing action word.

HOW TO PLAY Drag a word into each sentence. On a phone, tap a word, then tap the empty space. Use Check my answers when finished.
01Pikachu over the little stone.
02Eevee the golden book.
03Raichu quietly by the gate.
04Ryoto for a missing crystal.
05Luca the dusty table.
06The robot at the red light.
07Ada an important idea.
08The children a bright picture.
09Everyone when the castle lit up.
RYOTO · THE SECRET HISTORY OF CODING · ACTIVITY LAB41 / 48
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STORY WORDS · SPELLING CHALLENGE

Now Write the Past Tense

Your brain can do more than pick the answer. Now you get to write it!

WRITE IT YOURSELF. The little word at the right tells you the present-tense verb. Write its past-tense form in the blank. Look carefully at double letters and spelling changes.
RYOTO · THE SECRET HISTORY OF CODING · ACTIVITY LAB42 / 48
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THE SECRET OF THE -ED ENDING

Three Sounds, One Spelling

Listen to the last sound. Sort the words like a pronunciation detective.

THE SECRET: Regular -ed verbs use three ending sounds: /t/, /d/, and /ɪd/. It depends on the final sound of the original verb, not the last letter. Choose a word, then choose a sound bucket.
/t/jumped = jumpt
/d/played = playd
/ɪd/wanted = wan-tid
RYOTO · THE SECRET HISTORY OF CODING · ACTIVITY LAB43 / 48
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/t/ · A SMALL, CLEAR T SOUND

The /t/ Treasure Trail

Twelve little action words. One crisp ending sound.

HEAR • SAY • READ. After a quiet (voiceless) final sound other than /t/, the -ed ending usually sounds like /t/. Do not add another syllable. Select Hear word, repeat slowly, and read its sentence to your teacher. Your teacher listens for the final sound. No voice is recorded or automatically graded.
walked/wɔːkt/

We walked to the castle.

jumped/dʒʌmpt/

Pikachu jumped high.

looked/lʊkt/

Ryoto looked at the book.

helped/helpt/

Eevee helped her friend.

picked/pɪkt/

Luca picked up a stone.

kicked/kɪkt/

The child kicked the ball.

washed/wɒʃt/

Kame-chan washed his hands.

brushed/brʌʃt/

I brushed my hair.

laughed/lɑːft/

The friends laughed together.

stopped/stɒpt/

The robot stopped safely.

danced/dɑːnst/

The children danced outside.

watched/wɒtʃt/

We watched the stars.

0 of 12 practice words completed
RYOTO · THE SECRET HISTORY OF CODING · ACTIVITY LAB44 / 48
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/d/ · A SMALL, CLEAR D SOUND

The /d/ Golden Path

Keep your voice on at the end and make the /d/ small but clear.

HEAR • SAY • READ. After a voiced final sound other than /d/, the -ed ending usually sounds like /d/. Do not add another syllable. Select Hear word, repeat slowly, and read its sentence to your teacher. Your teacher listens for the final sound. No voice is recorded or automatically graded.
played/pleɪd/

Ryoto played with his friends.

opened/ˈəʊpənd/

Eevee opened the book.

cleaned/kliːnd/

We cleaned the room.

called/kɔːld/

Pikachu called for help.

loved/lʌvd/

Ryoto loved the adventure.

smiled/smaɪld/

His teacher smiled.

climbed/klaɪmd/

They climbed the hill.

rained/reɪnd/

It rained all night.

listened/ˈlɪsənd/

The robot listened carefully.

showed/ʃəʊd/

Ada showed her plan.

pulled/pʊld/

Luca pulled the door.

hugged/hʌɡd/

Eevee hugged her friend.

0 of 12 practice words completed
RYOTO · THE SECRET HISTORY OF CODING · ACTIVITY LAB45 / 48
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/ɪd/ · ONE EXTRA SYLLABLE

The /ɪd/ Crystal Steps

These words have one more syllable. Clap and say them slowly.

HEAR • SAY • READ. After a base verb ending in /t/ or /d/, add a small extra syllable: /ɪd/. Clap the two or three syllables. Select Hear word, repeat slowly, and read its sentence to your teacher. Your teacher listens for the final sound. No voice is recorded or automatically graded.
wanted/ˈwɒntɪd/

Ryoto wanted to learn.

needed/ˈniːdɪd/

They needed one crystal.

waited/ˈweɪtɪd/

Raichu waited at the gate.

started/ˈstɑːtɪd/

The machine started to move.

painted/ˈpeɪntɪd/

We painted a picture.

counted/ˈkaʊntɪd/

The robot counted to ten.

landed/ˈlændɪd/

The plane landed safely.

ended/ˈendɪd/

The story ended happily.

planted/ˈplɑːntɪd/

Ryoto planted a seed.

shouted/ˈʃaʊtɪd/

Pikachu shouted for joy.

visited/ˈvɪzɪtɪd/

We visited a museum.

invited/ɪnˈvaɪtɪd/

Luca invited his friends.

0 of 12 practice words completed
RYOTO · THE SECRET HISTORY OF CODING · ACTIVITY LAB46 / 48
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FINAL CHALLENGE · SAY IT CLEARLY

Ryoto’s Ending-Sound Quest

Can you read these words slowly, with a strong little ending sound?

LISTEN, SAY, DECIDE. Read the word aloud. Choose the ending sound you hear yourself saying. Press Hear to listen to a model voice. Your teacher will check your pronunciation.
1walked
2played
3waited
4jumped
5cleaned
6needed
7washed
8hugged
9painted
RYOTO · THE SECRET HISTORY OF CODING · ACTIVITY LAB47 / 48
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YOU DID IT · THE ADVENTURE CONTINUES

The Golden Word Explorer

Great work! A little practice each time helps you become a stronger reader and a clever problem-solver.

What Ryoto can do now

I can explain what coding is. I know that Charles Babbage designed the Analytical Engine and Ada Lovelace published a famous set of instructions for it.

I can choose a word to complete a sentence, write past-tense words, and hear the difference between /t/, /d/, and /ɪd/.

Read this little story aloud

Ryoto opened the golden book. Pikachu jumped and smiled. Eevee waited by the door. The friends looked for clues. They helped each other and started a new adventure.

Play again
Golden sunset with Ryoto and his friends looking toward a castle
Think. Plan. Try. Learn.
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